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WHO guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. World Health Organization; WHO. 2023. Accessed January 18, 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864.

ESPGHAN et al. World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on the complementary feeding of infants and young children aged 6–23 months 2023: A multisociety response. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2024;1–8.

R Vázquez-Frias, L Ladino, M C Bagés-Mesa, V Hernández-Rosiles, E Ochoa-Ortiz, M Alomía, et al. Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed). 2023 Jan-Mar;88(1):57-70. doi: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.01.005.

Mary Fewtrell, Jiri Bronsky, Cristina Campoy, Magnus Domellöf, Nicholas Embleton, et al. Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Jan;64(1):119-132. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454.

Elvira Verduci, Jiri Bronsky, Nicholas Embleton, Konstantinos Gerasimidis, Flavia Indrio, Jutta Köglmeier, et al.; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Role of Dietary Factors, Food Habits, and Lifestyle in Childhood Obesity Development: A Position Paper From the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021 May 1;72(5):769-783. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003075.

Alexandre Lapillonne, Jiri Bronsky, Cristina Campoy, Nicholas Embleton, Mary Fewtrell, et al.; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Feeding the Late and Moderately Preterm Infant: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Aug;69(2):259-270. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002397.

Nataša Fidler Mis, Christian Braegger, Jiri Bronsky, Cristina Campoy, Magnus Domellöf, Nicholas D Embleton, et al. Sugar in Infants, Children and Adolescents: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Dec;65(6):681-696. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001733.

Hania Szajewska, Raanan Shamir, Renata Auricchio, Anna Chmielewska, Jernej Dolinsek, Laura Kivelä, et al. Early diet and the risk of coeliac disease. An update 2024 position paper by the ESPGHAN special interest group on coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2024 Aug;79(2):438-445. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12280.

Jiri Bronsky, Cristina Campoy, Nicholas Embleton, Mary Fewtrell, Nataša Fidler Mis, Konstantinos Gerasimidis, et al. Palm Oil and Beta-palmitate in Infant Formula: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 May;68(5):742-760. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002307.

Iva Hojsak, Jiri Bronsky, Cristina Campoy, Magnus Domellöf, Nicholas Embleton, Nataša Fidler Mis, et al. Young Child Formula: A Position Paper by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Jan;66(1):177-185. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001821.

Elvira Verduci, Jutta Köglmeier, Nadja Haiden, Laura Kivelä, Barbara de Koning, et al. Vegan diet and nutritional status in infants, children and adolescents: A position paper based on a systematic search by the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 Aug 17. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70182.

Flavia Indrio, Ener Cagri Dinleyici, Roberto Berni Canani, Magnus Domellöf, Ruggiero Francavilla, Alfredo Guarino, et al. Prebiotics in the management of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders: Position paper of the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2024 Mar;78(3):728-742. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12134x.

Wyszyńska J, Ring-Dimitriou S, Thivel D, Weghuber D, Hadjipanayis A, Grossman Z, Ross-Russell R, Dereń K, Mazur A. Physical Activity in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity: The Position of the European Childhood Obesity Group and the European Academy of Pediatrics. Front Pediatr. 2020 Nov 5;8:535705. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.535705.

Hanssen H, Moholdt T, Bahls M, Biffi A, Siegrist M, Lewandowski AJ, Biondi-Zoccai G, Cavarretta E, Kokkvoll A, Løchen ML, Maestrini V, Pinto RS, Palermi S, Thivel D, Wojcik M, Hansen D, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Weghuber D, Kraenkel N, Tiberi M. Lifestyle interventions to change trajectories of obesity-related cardiovascular risk from childhood onset to manifestation in adulthood: a joint scientific statement of the task force for childhood health of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and the European Childhood Obesity Group. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Oct 10;30(14):1462-1472. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad152. PMID: 37491406.

Ball GDC, Merdad R, Birken CS, Cohen TR, Goodman B, Hadjiyannakis S, Hamilton J, Henderson M, Lammey J, Morrison KM, Moore SA, Mushquash AR, Patton I, Pearce N, Ramjist JK, Lebel TR, Timmons BW, Buchholz A, Cantwell J, Cooper J, Erdstein J, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Hatanaka D, Lindsay P, Sajwani T, Sebastianski M, Sherifali D, Pierre JS, Ali MU, Wijesundera J, Alberga AS, Ausman C, Baluyot TC, Burke E, Dadgostar K, Delacruz B, Dettmer E, Dymarski M, Esmaeilinezhad Z, Hale I, Harnois-Leblanc S, Ho J, Gehring ND, Kucera M, Langer JC, McPherson AC, Naji L, Oei K, O'Malley G, Rigsby AM, Wahi G, Zenlea IS, Johnston BC. Managing obesity in children: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2025 Apr 13;197(14):E372-E389. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.241456. Erratum in: CMAJ. 2025 Jul 1;197(24):E697. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.250898. PMID: 40228835; PMCID: PMC12007946.

Merritt RJ, Fleet SE, Fifi A, Jump C, Schwartz S, Sentongo T, Duro D, Rudolph J, Turner J; NASPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper: Plant-based Milks. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Aug;71(2):276-281. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002799. PMID: 32732790.

Redecilla Ferreiro S, Moráis López A, Moreno Villares JM; en representación del Comité de Nutrición y Lactancia Materna de la AEP; Autores. Recomendaciones del Comité de Nutrición y Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría sobre las dietas vegetarianas [Position paper on vegetarian diets in infants and children. Committee on Nutrition and Breastfeeding of the Spanish Paediatric Association]. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2020 May;92(5):306.e1-306.e6. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.10.013. Epub 2019 Dec 19. PMID: 31866234.

Hulst JM, Huysentruyt K, Gerasimidis K, Shamir R, Koletzko B, Chourdakis M, Fewtrell M, Joosten KF; Special Interest Group Clinical Malnutrition of ESPGHAN. A Practical Approach to Identifying Pediatric Disease-Associated Undernutrition: A Position Statement from the ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Clinical Malnutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022 May 1;74(5):693-705. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003437. Epub 2022 Mar 3. PMID: 35258497.

Corsello A, Trovato CM, Dipasquale V, Bolasco G, Labriola F, Gottrand F, Verduci E, Diamanti A, Romano C. Refeeding Syndrome in Pediatric Age, An Unknown Disease: A Narrative Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Dec 1;77(6):e75-e83. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003945. Epub 2023 Sep 14. PMID: 37705405; PMCID: PMC10642700.

Haiden N, Luque V, Domellöf M, Hill S, Kivelä L, de Koning B, Köglmeier J, Moltu SJ, Norsa L, De Pipaon MS, Savino F, Verduci E, Bronsky J. Assessment of growth status and nutritional management of prematurely born infants after hospital discharge: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 Aug;81(2):421-441. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70054. Epub 2025 May 8. PMID: 40341618.